References

Berube, D.E. 1980. Interspecific competition between Urophora affinis and U. quadifasciata (Diptera: Terphritidae) for ovipositional sites on diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa: Compositae). Journal of Applied Entomology 90: 299-306.

Coombs, E. M., Coombs, J. K. Clark, G. L. Piper, and A. F. Cofrancesco, Jr. (eds). Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the United States. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis. Pages 196-232.

Kashefi, J.M. and R. Sobhian. 1998. Notes on the biology of Larinus minutus Gyllenhal (Col., Curculionidae), an agent for biological control of diffuse and spotted knapweeds. Journal of Applied Entomology 122: 547-549.

LeJeune, K.D., K.N. Suding, and T.R. Seastedt. 2006. Nutrient availability does not explain invasion and dominance of a mixed grass prairie by the exotic forb Centaurea diffusa Lam. Applied Soil Ecology 32:98-110.

Norton, A.P., A.C. Blair, J.G. Hardin, S.J. Nissen and G.R. Brunk. 2008. Herbivory and novel weapons: no evidence for enhanced competitive ability or allelopathy induction of Centaurea diffusa by biological controls. Biological Invasions 10: 79-88.

Piper, G.L. 2004. Biotic suppression of invasive weeds in Washington state: A half century of progress. In: Cullen, J.M., D.T. Briese, D.J. Kriticos, W.M. Lonsdale, L. Morin and J.K. Scott (eds). Proceedings of the XI International Symposium of Biological Control of Weeds, Canberra, Australia, 27 April – 2 May 2003. Pages 584-588.

Roché, B.F. and C.T. Roché. 1999. Diffuse knapweed. In: Biology and Management of Noxious Rangeland Weeds. Oregon State Press. Pages 217-230.

Seastat, T.R., N. Gregory, and D Buckner. 2003. Effect of biocontrol insects on diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) in a Colorado grassland. Weed Science. 51:237-245.

Smith, L. and M. Mayer. 2005. Field cage assessment of interference among insects attacking seed heads of spotted and diffuse knapweed. Biocontrol Science and Technology 15: 427-442.

Watson, A.K. and A.J. Renney. 1974. The biology of Canadian weeds. 6. Centaurea diffusa and C. maculosa. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 54: 687-701.

Wilson, L.M. and C.B. Randall. 2002. Biology and Biological Control of Knapweed. FHTET-2001-07. USDA, U.S. Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team. Morgantown, WV.

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